What are the glass materials used for car windows?

The windshield used to be the main part of car glass. As early as more than 80 years ago, glass was installed on T-cars produced by Ford in the United States. At that time, flat glass was installed at the front of the carriage, saving drivers from the hardships of wind and rain. In the decades since then, the glass industry has gradually set foot in the automotive industry, creating a variety of safety glasses - laminated glass, tempered glass and regional tempered glass, which have greatly improved the performance of automotive glass.
Among them, laminated glass refers to the use of a transparent adhesive plastic film between two or three layers of glass, which combines the strength and toughness of the plastic with the hardness of the glass, increasing the glass's resistance to breakage. Tempered glass refers to the quenching of ordinary glass to form a certain amount of internal stress in the internal structure, thereby strengthening the strength of the glass. When subjected to impact crushing, the glass will split into small pieces with blunt edges, which is less likely to cause harm to passengers. And regional tempered glass is a new type of tempered glass, which has undergone special treatment and can maintain a certain degree of clarity in the cracks of its glass when subjected to impact fracture, ensuring that the driver's field of view is not affected. At present, the front windshield of automobiles mainly consists of laminated tempered glass and laminated area tempered glass, which can withstand strong impact forces.
The development of modern sedan appearance is closely related to the development of glass technology. As early as more than 40 years ago, the front windshield of sedans had adopted a single piece curved windshield and gradually abandoned flat windshields. Today's car windshields are generally made into a large curved shape with a certain degree of curvature on the top, bottom, left, and right sides. This curved glass is a product with high technical requirements, both in terms of processing and installation coordination, as it involves many issues such as vehicle type, strength, insulation, and assembly.
The car windshield adopts curved glass, starting from an aerodynamic perspective. Because the normal speed of modern cars mostly exceeds 100 kilometers per hour, the flow of oncoming airflow through curved glass can reduce eddy currents and turbulence, thereby reducing air resistance. With a smooth transition between the window frame edge and the body surface, the glass and the body are seamlessly integrated, visually creating a sense of overall coordination and aesthetics, while also reducing the wind resistance coefficient of the entire vehicle. In addition, curved glass has high strength, and thinner glass can be used, which has certain significance for the lightweight of sedans.
The curved windshield of modern cars should have a high flatness at the curved corners, without optical distortion, and should not deform or glare when viewed from any angle on the driver's seat. Previously, car glass was usually decorated or protected with neat strips along the edges of the glass, but now the glass on cars is made of ceramic glaze, known as the "black border". Many car windshields are also coated with reflective coating technology or improved glass composition, allowing only visible sunlight to enter the cabin, blocking ultraviolet and infrared rays, greatly reducing the heat suffering of passengers. This type of modern car glass, known as "green glass," has been widely used.
The safety performance of car windshields is very important. Not to mention the degree of danger to passengers' bodies if the safety performance is low, it is also to the car itself. If the windshield appears